Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in wild and captive felines
Patricia Gutierrez Gallardo
veterinarian Feline Immunodeficiency Virus is of great importance in domestic cats, the first isolated from Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) was performed in UC Davis, California, in 1986 for veterinary immunologist Niels Pedersen, who discovered the virus in a domestic cat (Felis catus). You confirmed that this virus belongs to the genus Lentivirus like the human immunodeficiency virus, therefore, based on the similarities it shares with the human immunodeficiency virus, began to investigate more about the origin of these, starting studies Prevalence, characterization and sequencing of the same, using as a model of human viruses.
In studies, most published wild cat is the lion (Panthera leo), which presents a wide range of studies regarding the prevalence of many viruses, including the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV). In this case, in many African populations has been determined prevalence and reaches 100% of animals tested, for example, in the Serengeti (Roelke et al, 2009), however, there are publications which states that in Namibia and Asiatic lion populations no evidence of FIV (Troyer et al, 2008). Additionally it was established that the virus was not carrying any signs of illness in them due to an ancient virus-host coevolution.
10.8 million years ago in Eurasia were born the first modern cats of the genus Panthera, which later expanded into Africa where one hypothesis is that acquired the virus here, which was then dispersed through the great migrations in Europe and Asia across the Bering Strait to North America and then to South America, expanding infection worldwide. However, Roelke et al. (2009), showed that in populations of African lions in Botswana, no signs of lymphadenopathy, gingivitis, papillomas, decreased muscle mass, among other signs. Also worth mentioning that although there are signs of disease there are no records to indicate reproductive dysfunction that impairs the population. On the other hand, captive lions have also been found individuals infected in zoos in Europe, however, these individuals are African lions, in the case of Asiatic lions, there was no presence of FIV (Lutz et al, 1992). Additionally most commonly used diagnostic techniques in all publications are Western blot for the detection of antibodies and ELISA, while this work used some method of direct diagnosis and viral isolation or PCR.
Another cat has been widely studied case of Puma (Puma concolor), where, many researchers have put their interest on the species, are considered a population at risk, as the Florida subspecies of puma, establishing a first step in studies prevalence. Most American publications on this species are in North America, reflecting prevalences in different populations. In the case of South America, there are few studies that address the issue as an example, Olmsted et al (1992) and Carpenter et al (1996) briefly mention Chilean populations of wild and captive, resulting in both publications with seronegative patients, unfortunately not discussed specifically the sampling site.
should not be unusual to find evidence in the bobcat (Lynx rufus), and living in sympatry with the Cougar and found for example in California populations of seroprevalence of 40% (VandeWounde and Apetrei C, 2006).
In South America the Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is one of the cats that have shown seroprevalence of 50% on Barro Colorado, Panama (Franklin et al, 2008). However, no evidence has been found in Brazil or Bolivia.
Similarly, in Leopards (Panthera pardus), African populations have a prevalence greater than 75%, while in Asia there is no evidence of infection with FIV. As in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), Serengeti where populations have reported a prevalence of 22% (Olmsted et al, 1992). While people in western and southern Africa, there is no evidence of infection (Hofmann-Lehmann et al, 1996). Additionally in Namibia have not been found positive individuals (Munson et al, 2004).
Europe have been tested in wild cats (Felis silvestris silvestris), where until 1999, it was not shown the presence of infection (Leutenegger et al, 1999), however, a year after specimens were found positive for the 7.9% of the total assessed in France (Fromont et al, 2000). Additionally, we found a prevalence of 6% in populations of Saudi Arabia (Ostrowski et al, 2003).
In captive animals have been found in Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Jaguars (Panthera onca), with HIV infection than 5% and 25% respectively, in zoos Europe (Lutz et al, 1992).
the case of cats present in Asia, Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul) is the only species to date that has tested positive for FIV in the wild. This supports the hypothesis that IVF is not African and Asian origin. Further studies support the phylogenetic relationship of the FIV-Oma strain for the Pallas cat with FIV-Aju strain, corresponding to the cheetah, which had some kind of closeness in the Caspian Sea (Brown et al, 2010) which could have caused the infection. Studies have shown a prevalence of 50% among Pallas Cat (VandeWounde and Apetrei, 2006).
In conclusion the importance of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus in wildlife species is not clear because the world is widespread but does not seem to greatly affect the infected individuals, however, although it has been associated with the presence of some nasal mucus these do not involve to a population decline, which is environmentally beneficial. It is necessary to establish surveillance plans in seronegative populations as it is not easy to predict that they are resistant to infection and can be fatal in them the presence of the disease, as it is very likely to be susceptible. In Chile there are five species of wild cats, of which exist only in the Puma seroprevalence studies published. Reflecting a lack of information for cat populations
colo-colo (Leopardus colocolo), cat wink (Leopardus guigna), the Andean cat (Leopardus Jacobite) and Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi). Bibliography
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