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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ME (6) Berrios Patricio Etchegaray The "U" (1977 -1986). Travel to Spain

Mi vida universitaria entre 1977 y 1986. Viaje de estudio a España

1.- Universidad de Chile (1977 - 1986). Pareciera ser que en este lapso de tiempo transcurrió mi mejor época universitaria. Hice muchas cosas en investigación y en docencia. Ya era profesor asistente!

Recuerdo haber sido invitado como Asesor en técnicas cell cultures to the Laboratory of Avian Pathology. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia. August, 1981. I was treated extremely well in the Austral de Valdivia. I cell cultures of chicken fibroblasts and hepatocyte cultures and chicken kidney cells that had never before done. Avian Pathology had everything to them, just lacked a good first ...

Some courses I took at that time were:

- Evolution of the Theory of Evolution. Prof. Desiderio Papp. Graduate School. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary and Forestry. Universidad de Chile. April-July 1982.
- The Ecosystem and Man. Prof. M. Peralta. School Season, "modern man." Academic Directorate. Universidad de Chile. January, 1983.
- scientific genius. Prof. Desiderio Papp. Extension Office. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Veterinary and Forestry. Universidad de Chile. April-July 1983.
- Chilean Indigenous Cultures: Past, Present and Future. International School Season. "Man and his relationship with the surrounding world. A challenge to the third millennium. " Academic Directorate. Universidad de Chile. Prof. Jacqueline Madrid. January, 1984.
- Towards an Interpretation of Life. Multidisciplinary Vision. II National Conference Interuniversity Extension. Santiago. August, 1984.

was an honor to have attended recent courses delivered Desiderio Papp, one of 10 great sages who were in Chile!

In research studies continued with data regarding the Chilean veterinary topics in this order:

- Experimental inoculation of cattle with bovine strains of herpes virus type 1 isolates in the country. Project A 2031 (1984 - 1985). Department of Research Development. Universidad de Chile. Co-investigator.
- etiologic study of acute diarrhea infant pig. PASO Project (1984 - 1985) 07/85 FIA. Co-investigator.
- infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Infection experimental pregnant animals with strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 virus isolated in Chile. Project No. 369. FONDECYT (1987 - 1988). Researcher responsible alternative.
- EBL. Direct detection of bovine leukemia virus and study of the dynamics of infection at the farm level. Project No. 88/0537. Collaborative research.

also had involvement in various committees of the Faculty: Departmental Evaluation Committee (1/julio/1975 - 23/mayo/1985). Central Evaluation Committee (24/mayo/1985 - 16/junio/1988; 13/marzo/1995 - 30/septiembre/1995). First Conference on Policy and Development. Chairman Committee of Inquiry. August, 1985. Central Commission on Accreditation (1987 - 1990).

In this type of evaluative activities have always had a single action based on: "He who has, has, and he no, no." It seems silly but there was something in the background, saying that it has, and you can not detract, and he who does not should not get rewarded. Ah! And the question was best to encourage uploading, ie giving the opportunity to later show that had the ability. And I

Faculty advisor. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Council, Veterinary and Forestry. Universidad de Chile (11/noviembre/1984 - 31/marzo/1985). Elected by 3 votes. All because the opposition time considered feasible to participate.

most important thing was to have been appointed as Director responsible for the journal Advances in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Universidad de Chile. (15/octubre/1985 - 31/diciembre/1995). I really dedicated to this function with the utmost of my energy. As was also good for writing was to correct and improve writing. To carry out this responsibility had to deal with the editorial board will suddenly put conflicting. When two of them discussed and debated for work of one of them, Sanja the issue working only with a mini committee, leaving the specific issues for specialists. And I did no more meetings were discussions that do not deliver pure solutions. And he had considered resigning as director ...

Note that appointed me, ultimately, the Dean Hugo González F. who just asked if there were funds to support the magazine. He assured me that I could name my advisers freely. I only suggested to Dr. Gustavo Montes O. In 1995 or 10 years after Dean Iñigo Díaz C., threw me oblivious to the address. In due course I will refer to this measure rather deans own military. I never gave up, I chose to leave school and ever ...

At that time I participated in several thesis Master's program:
- Characterization of the dog population to support the control of rabies, Republic of Paraguay. Anibal Barreto A. Academic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. National University. Asunción. Paraguay. 1977.
- Determination of specific antibodies against bovine mastitis bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae) by indirect immunofluorescence method. Juan Carlos Durán R. Academic Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry. Universidad de Chile. 1978.
- Preliminary study on the effect of ethyl carbamate (urethane) in the evolution of a first transplant of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma C3H mouse. Anne R. Wallace Academic Faculty of Medicine. Headquarters North. Universidad de Chile. 1978.
- Epidemiological history of complex infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR / IPV) in Chile. Luis D. Moraga B. Academic Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry. Universidad de Chile. 1982.
- nucleic acid synthesis of bovine blood lymphocytes from normal and infected with bovine leukemia virus in vitro. Giorgio Botto Z. Academic Santa Fe Catholic University of Argentina. 1983.

I was always good to take notes. The class was class. I served myself and students. The first book of teaching was: Immunology Veterinary. 1984. Editor and co-author. Text 184 pages. Serimpres printing. Registration No. 59675/24/4/1984.

participated as virologist in several panels:
- Smallpox in cattle and humans. Etiology and control. Participants. P. Berrios, F. Fuschlocher and G. Mora. Moderator: G. Mora. Department of Medicine. Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Universidad de Chile. August, 1967.
- abortion syndrome in cattle. Infectious Diseases Group. Department of Animal Health and Hygiene. Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Universidad de Chile. Participants: P. Berrios, M. Jarpa, J. L. Johnson Pinochet. Moderator: L. Pinochet. June, 1975.
- Influenza equine in Chile. Equine Academy. Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Universidad de Chile. Participants: P. Berrios, A. Casanova and M. Vicente. Coordinator. I. Palavicino. June, 1976.
- Status of FMD in Chile. Department of Animal Health and Hygiene. Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Universidad de Chile. Participants: E. Aguilera, P. Berrios, L. Pinochet and S. Quintard. Moderator: P. Berrios. December, 1976.
- Equine Infectious Anemia. Graduate direction. Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Universidad de Chile. Participants: P. Berrios, R. Maldonado, W. Rudolph and S. Urcelay. Moderator: L. Zurich. December, 1980. The first talks

I taught were:
- Isolation of mycoplasmas of bovine origin. Vet Med Soc. Chile. Santiago. August, 1969.
- Mycoplasmosis in cattle. Chile Society for Microbiology. Santiago. December, 1970.

entered these talks with the respective companies as a condition demanded it.

The first extension publications were:
- K. Rusch, P. Berrios, M. Concha. Equine influenza. El Campesino. Official organ of the National Agriculture Society. No. 4: 36 - 37, 1977.
- Berrios P. Herpes virus in domestic animals. Monographs Vet Med. 2 (1): 51 - 62, 1980.
- J. Mendoza, P. Berrios. Canine viral enteritis: canine parvovirus. Monographs Vet Med. 3 (1): 7 - 22, 1981.
- Berrios P. Isolation of the causative agent of canine parvovirus in Chile. Dogs and Horses Magazine. Year 1. Vol 6, pg. 13. 1981.
- Berrios P. IBR. Monographs. Vet Med. 4 (2): 60 - 82, 1982.
- Berrios P. IBR. What is it and how to prevent it. El Campesino. Vol CXIV No. 1: 44 - 46, 1983.

On television I had to discuss about current issues:
- Equine Influenza. Channel 13. H. Olguin. March, 1977.
- canine parvovirus. Channel 11. E. González. May, 1981.
- Equine Influenza. Channel 7. December, 1985.

By far the best interview was what made me famous and spoiled Hernan Olguin in 1977.


2 .- Trip to Spain. 1986.

I was lucky to be invited to the VI International Course on Diagnosis of Respiratory and Enteric Virus Bovine. Director: Alfredo Solana, a grant from the General Directorate of International Technical Cooperation. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain. National Agricultural Research Institute. Department of Animal Virology. Madrid. Spain. October, 1986.

This course will discuss interesting topics related to animal virology, viral infectious diseases, immune response, vaccines, and epidemiological aspects. All teachers were first class and knew they were talking. In short a very useful course. Students were

veterinarians, all of America. Youth and adults. And they were very participatory in class. I

very good friends, the Brazilian Carmen Lucia Ribeira (CALU) was of Pelotas in southern Brazil, the English Piedad Martin, Segovia, and my best friend Peru P. Virgilio Rojas (RIP) who was in northern Peru.

addition to attending the course trying to learn as much as possible with our limited resources. We went to the Valley of the Fallen called Santa Cruz Valley of the Fallen for the tremendous cross that watches from above ... monument built by F. Franco in memory of those killed in the English Revolution, example, and not unique, as brothers with brothers kill, without pity, with a vengeance. By the way, Pinochet was everywhere, best not to say that I was Chilean. A teacher surnamed Badiola, a specialist in prion resembled the team Badiola general Pinochet. I told him I had to be relatives, Dr. was worried and asked me not to repeat it. Things of that time.

visited the School of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid. I spoke with a haughty professor of virology. Students went to the casino and there was a huge uproar, the piece was drinking beer and it was 12 o'clock.

One day, Oct. 12, went with the CALU to the plaza de toros, a bullfight, a great show very attractive, with much grandeur, trumpets and great color. The only bad and ugly that the bull does not come alive in the square. The next day when my English professors knew they had gone to the show, expressed their disapproval. According to them was not a show for veterinarians. I argued that they had come specifically to see if I picked a bull to a matador, which did not like at all. Two weeks later, being already in Chile, a bull got his revenge and gutted a bullfighter ...

My friend Virgil mother as he descended from the Incas, constantly demanded when he saw the gold ornament in the churches we visited, saying it was Peruvian gold! And I say to every mouth ...

conversations with teachers, they found that he had something of the English genius, but I was struck my slanted eyes half I have. I explained that we were Native Americans, descendants of Indians and English, and English that they had not been disgusted with the Indian, and slept with them. Do not like that view.

I felt Sudaca the problem, rather it was problematic to be of Chile, Pinochet's Chile ... To make matters worse, I was caught easily by way of speaking that was Chilean ...

I said it was no Ph.D., but one day Argentina exchanging cards with a very nice, they realized my elite status. And I came to respect most of the account, which I frankly did not intend.

I was chosen to say a farewell speech on behalf of the PARTICIPANT of the course. I did not want, and claimed that spoke poorly. I had to improvise. I made a mental schema as a class. And I jumped. It seems I did well, as the representative of the Ministry, who had spoken, asked to speak to thank me. Argentina's told me, but hey, as you said you could not speak, but if you speak a kilo ... be well ...

met in Aranjuez royal palace with its magnificent expressed in beautiful fountains, gardens, halls and the Queen's bedroom. In Segovia The Segovia aqueduct in the Roman EPCA and the Alcazar de Segovia. Avila died the house where St. Teresa of Avila. In Toledo appreciate the art industrial expressed Toledo steel knives and swords ... We stayed at the El Escorial monastery, beautiful building with Jardinez, lounges and the Patio de los Reyes. Unforgettable.

The Alcazar of Toledo which is a real military museum, durantela Franco's English Civil War fought to the last and final wife no surrender to the forces Tremendo repubilcans stronghold with a history very similar to those we are proud to Chileans, that is the subject of never giving up ...

No we did not visit the castle, where we appreciate the splendor and pomp in which he lived the English nobility. Beautiful and heavy tapestries, luxury furniture. Great pictures. Pure history. For me it was all very natural, since the language, and everything seemed familiar, must have been studying with the Marist Brothers who were English, and emphasized in the English culture, literature specialty was ...

One day we went with a English friend, very English, to learn the Madrid Zoo. It was a room very consistent with the needs of ethics to maintain captive animals. There were buffalo, gorillas, camels, flamingos, buffaloes, lions, cheetahs, etc. Before I had met a spectacular San Diego Zoo California, which ran in a sort of carts on rails, because the animals went loose ...

Art was in the castles, churches, everywhere. In the Prado Museum admired the Naked Maja and Shootings of May 3, Goya, the Drunk, the Meninas of Velasquez, Christ on the Cross by El Greco. And Guernica by Pablo Picasso, simply spectacular! Guernica represents all the horror of war and the first bombing of a city by Nazi aircraft supporting Franco.

Madrid was and is a spectacular city with the monument The Cibeles, Gran Via, Plaza Mayor, the Temple of Debot and Retirement Park, the latter a paradise. We also learned where they are buried the kings of Spain. Overwhelming in its long history.

The trip ended with an anecdote. I was well fired from my friends and with great sorrow. I arrived at the airport and there was nobody. I sat down to wait for the flight and nothing happened. I asked what was wrong with the flight to Chile, and English would say, because that llegastes well under way, which was true, because I am nervous and on flights arriving on time I like to relax. Well, very llegastes advance because the flight is tomorrow ... that simple. I returned to the Consulate of Argentina where there was a party, and my friends could not believe it. In the end I became famous so clueless. We turn to say goodbye with tears in his eyes. Virgilio My friend would not see more. I was invited to Cajamarca. But two years later died playing soccer, of a heart attack, a journey. Until today I felt the early departure of my Peruvian friend who was so optimistic and dreamy ... A very good friend ... and very young ...

I returned from Spain to stay with my sister. My marriage had gone to hell ...

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MEDICINE VETERINARY AND I (5) Berrios Patricio Etchegaray Travel to Switzerland, Italy, France and Brazil

Travel to Switzerland, Italy, France and Brazil

Once I returned to Uruguay to work as I spent the best times of my life or in the U. California, USA (1970 1974). Teaching several courses, giving seminars, attending conferences, and most importantly conducting several research projects on animal viruses.

The first research project was about: Isolation and characterization of mycoplasma of bovine origin. SA-B4 Project (1969-1970). Research Committee. Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. Universidad de Chile. Responsible investigator.

The two major research projects that allowed me to start research on virology systematically animal were

virological study respiratory disease of mammals and birds. Project A 147 (1976 - 1982). And virological study of digestive diseases in animals of economic importance. Project A 1648 (1983 - 1990). Department of Research Development. Universidad de Chile. Responsible investigator.

Both projects were approved in its final report and its findings published in national and international scientific journals and presented at various conferences. I always thought I should point out that research, if possible, should be published in national magazines, due to the wording of them, and the possibility that some readers would have more access chilensis national magazines.

In 1979 I attended the first international Latin American Congress of Microbiology in Viña del Mar ...


1 .- TRIP TO SWITZERLAND (Lausanne), 1979

This was a field trip!

I managed to get a scholarship to attend a course in immunology at Lausanne due to a sum of coincidences:

In the area of \u200b\u200bhigher veterinary clinic of the "U" read a notice of grant from the WHO. I realized that was made for me. Proficiency in English required, working or teaching in immunology and be Ph.D. or have some other post title grade. Done. I went downtown to the offices of PAHO and I attended a named Dr. Condom or something ... who told me coldly that that grant was not for veterinarians. I gave him my background, but NO, it was not even possible because it was outside the deadline for submissions, which was not true. So I ran, filled a heavy form, with 7 copies and gave it. Fortunately I had a good idea, I made an extra copy and sent it directly to Dr. PH Lambert with a note written by hand, he stated that everything that was written was true, incidentally, did not ask for any documentation ... and you I added the leadership of three prominent figures who could attest to that. One was Mc Kercher! Months passed and I received no response.

One day my wallet, which was a friend, I asked if my name was Berríos-Etchegaray because there was a package post of Chile lags. I went to look for, and was a book of immunology Roitt, I sent to be read and studied before the course. Immediately I requested written confirmation that he had never received ... When I arrived at my home I immediately went to the office of Dr. Condom or something, I blurted out that he had passed the deadline and therefore I would not sign the pass PAHO was necessary to start the process. I showed the letter Lambert approval and NO.'s definitely NO! Then came the Basque carry inside, and yelled that I was not in the office until he had signed the endorsement by PAHO in Chile ... also took a punch in the secretary's desk and kept yelling. Within minutes I had my hands on the authorization. The passages I came to the old style of these institutions one week before the start of the course. I traveled on Air France to Paris. From there to Geneva in an old plane Carabello almost fallen into disuse. In Lausanne I arrived in a beautiful and modern bus. The next day I took a tour of Lake Geneva on a boat tour. On Monday I was in the course of immunology with about 40 colleagues around the world, African, Asian and South American.

stayed in a mixed campus. My apartment was next to an Argentina. Beyond a Venezuelan. But every man for himself ... Ah! And the bathrooms were mixed well, which was an inconvenience for Latinos, we were not accustomed to this kind of promiscuity ...

Saliéndome a bit of the course, I was able to come up with all partners to Le Diablerette was about 3,500 meters in the Alps. To get so high you had to use three types of cable cars. In the third came to be scary, but anyway, from above the valley could be seen as small that it seemed to go on an airplane. And the high peaks were so close and so beautiful ... Unforgettable. Another day we went to a nearby village where they were in full traditional feast. I danced on a stage with a Swiss lady who told me that the Chileans were the best in South America ahead of the others ... and when he knew that my mother's maiden name was Etchegaray had an explosion of joy because she was a descendant of Basque ... Very nice the party with colorful costumes dancing but rather fomes ... Another day I went to Avon on the border with France, together with my friend Elena who was in Caracas and obviously speak English ... With a group that was not the course, ate fondue cheese and beer, in quantities as it could do in those years where I did not worry or cholesterol or hypertension ... I met

Geneva, WHO Headquarters, Berne and Bayer, Zurich a beautiful city , Lucerne, a city of Italian origin, and Montreux with its beautiful lakeside casino. In Lausanne the towers went up a couple of Protestant churches, and from there saw the beautiful panorama of the city. An anecdote was found in the area of \u200b\u200bthe bells, with a gringo who were obviously pissing panties removed ... Incredible but true!

Even a weekend we went to Italy in a rented car, an African friend and two doctors from Nigeria, which is not allowed to enter Italy for not having visas. From Switzerland to Italy Alpine pass below, on the San Bernardino tunnel about 20 miles long. Awesome. And in Switzerland there was a dry leaf or cow poop in the fields, across Italy, the cream was dirt on the edges of the road. Many castles along the road and many bridges and tunnels. A beautiful road. In Italy I met Milan with its cathedral of a thousand peaks, Venice with its houses and bridges over the sea, its shelves and the Plaza de San Marcos. The Italians full of warmth, and exquisite food and wine ...!

return to the course. Too good course. Very basic. By researchers. And very ... Nothing veterinary doctor. Even a great lady of the WHO referred badly to the symbiosis of Calmette and Guérin, a veterinary doctor to another, saying the veto Guérin had served only to sustain the animals. How wrong I was! Guerin has published about 40 scientific papers. In any case, the course helped me enough to upgrade the teaching of immunology at the graduate!

I can not remember the phobia in Europe was against Pinochet. When I talked with some of the exiles, they told me to avoid talking to the "hot heads" not going to forgive me my way of seeing things in Chile, and that I was izquiedista ... One day we went to an immunology laboratory I found a poster that had a skull, with the classic German helmet as a background of Hitler and Pinochet's face. No comments.


2 .- Switzerland (Zurich) I went to Italy (Rome)

I spent a day in Zurich a beautiful city near perfect. From there I went to Rome. The first thing I saw was the Colosseum, filled with cats, I was in the place where the lions ate the Christians ... I appreciated the extraordinary sculptures and Moses Piedad de Miguel Angel! And the monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy. Breathes ancient Rome, its churches, its streets and monuments, all worth seeing! I took a tour and got into the vast catacombs of St. Catherine, so impressive was that I came to claustrophobia. I will never forget! One day I walked to the Vatican, appreciate the stunning beauty of the Cathedral of St. Peter, was in the Sistine Chapel and the Tomb of the popes, as I had money I would sneak into the small tours to listen to boring stories architects, Dukes et al. The best thing I did was climb up the dome and walk among the apostles who are high up on the roof. Truth. Ah! Pope in USA was on a trip that was all as a landmark! Bored of walking took a tour cheaper and went to the Isle of Capri with its sea caves and a beautiful sea of \u200b\u200bviolet blue. Before we had gone to Naples, the birthplace of Sophia Loren, and maybe the Vesuvius volcano, towering on the horizon ... Unfortunately I could not go to Florence, city of art ...


3 .- From Rome to Paris

first thing I did in Paris was off the plane and go to the Sacre Coeur Cathedral is located near the Latin Quarter. This imposing cathedral is big. From there, "descended" to the center of Paris appreciating the beauty of the French and their taste for fashion. In those years he wore the purple. All women's clothing were shades of this color. There is little you doubt that the French have good taste in clothes. Then I met the Notre Dame Cathedral with its beautiful Romanesque style. Obviously I took a ride on the Seine in a modern boat for tourists. I also met the tomb of Napoleon. I climbed to the top of the Eiffel tower over 300 feet high. Quite a show, the tower itself, and appreciate the landscape from above.

best of the trip was my visit to the Louvre Museum. I had the good sense to go first to the area where I appreciated the sculpture Venus de Milo, beautiful, I could not resist the temptation to touch a leg, the code of Hammurabi engraved on a diorite stela, a jet black. And the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs, Egyptian reliefs and a lot of ancient relics of the empire egicio. I really enjoyed all these sculptures and antiques that are only in the French museum. The next day I visited the extraordinary museum with its finest painting of Leonardo da Vinci "The Mona Lisa" also called "La Gioconda." Do not forget the mysterious smile that seems to make fun of the beholder ... Then I saw many pictures of different schools, who simply got tired and did not appreciate its beauty ... Some veterinary

. One day I took the subway and went to visit the Alfort Veterinary School. The building of eighteenth century French style, very old, I recalled the veterinary school of the Fifth Normal. I got talking to some teachers, but my French was not good, and they do not speak English in principle. That if you gave me some papers.


4 .- From Paris to Rio de Janeiro

I should not have spent my time and my little money on this scale. I felt the blow of poverty while traveling by bus from the airport to downtown Rio. This contrasts with what we saw in Switzerland, Italy and France ... Years later travel to Brazil several times. Anyway, I went to the Pan American Foot invited by Dr. Vicente Astudillo, Chilean, who had advised me on my thesis in statistics. Grande Institute and with very good laboratories. All dedicated foot and mouth disease, and epidemiologic study of this disease in South America. Dr. Roberto M. Goic PAHO advisor invited me to lunch at his house, a splendid mansion with beautiful lush courtyards filled with flowers. The next day I returned to Chile and my work in college.

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ME (4) Berrios Patricio Etchegaray My beginnings in the U of my trip to Chile and Uruguay as an expert

1 .- when they really started working on the "U" de Chile. 1976

While I did something in teaching practical steps for Microbiology in 1969 and 1970, and won a small project of research to study mycoplasma cattle in 1969, in fact I started working in teaching undergraduate and graduate degree in Virology and Immunology in 1976. Year fraught with difficulties in Chile ...

I tell you why I had to teach immunology. I realized that my dear Professor Carlos Flores del Fierro was half stuck with such materials as his forte was bacteriology, therefore I offered my help in immunology. To my surprise the next day I received a note from Dean Santiago Inostroza Hood where I was appointed professor of immunology at undergraduate and graduate. Obviously I complained, arguing that I came to virology. He replied that times were not for claims, period. I appreciate it because I learned tired of immunological phenomenon, which is very vital. I took a half-dozen immunology courses medical conferences and congresses attended. And attending classes visiting professors, friends of the U Catholic U of Chile, Institute of Public Health, caught it again in an area in eternal progress! In passing, I realized that immunologists colleagues knew much of his mini immune area (genetic, diagnostic techniques), but sometimes did not dominate the generalities of immunology.

In 1975, almost went to the Faculty of Science of the "U". Dr. Guido Pincheira I was tempted to make a purely basic virology. A good day at the secretariat of the Faculty of Science, vi llorar desesperadamente a una chiquilla, cuando se fue le pregunté a la secretaria qué pasaba, muy sencillo, la chica estaba apenadísima porque su novio que era de la Dina andaba buscando a su hermano izquierdista, y no precisamente para abrazarlo…!!! Ese mismo día un joven de la administración me pregunto porqué me cambiaba, si era por problemas políticos, como realmente era por problemas personales, me insinuó que los pensara dos veces. Volví a mi escuela y le consulté a mi decano Inostroza quien me dijo que no me convenía porque el gobierno militar iba a cerrar a la Escuela de Ciencias que no eran útiles para el país; además me dijo que en esa escuela con uno que dijera que yo era comunista would be fried, and veterinary everyone I knew would not have such problems. And it was. Not yet stopped to thank my dean Inostroza, who nevertheless said to me, give it hard that lasts longer .... As to the pots Marmicof ...

In teaching I had no major problems, except that the copy was a university, even in a post-graduate course to colleagues, they copied and in its best years young!

In October 1975 came to Chile Dr. Mc Kercher. I had to translate all his talks, the Army of Chile, INIA, Universidad de Chile, Universidad Catolica. Chile Program - California I spent a Ford (last model) with power steering and power brakes, to bring to Dr. Mc Kercher everywhere. The poor doctor was shocked with how to handle the Chileans ... One day we went to Headlands, on the first lap of the way the teacher brought me back ... it seems that I was going really fast ...

Perhaps it is worth remembering that that time separated Virology and Immunology, Microbiology traditional courses. Even created a course in Animal Virology, which continues to this day!

separation had just happened and I put my notes in class instead of Microbiology, Virology, but the secretary of the Department that was itself the secret of deca to me again Microbiology. I scratch the name and broke extensil that was used back then. It seems that Ms. Angelina Soffia accused me, and Mr. Dean called me urgently to a meeting, I told him I could not go because I was working, and that it had returned to Chile, and not go wasting your time on wrongs . I received a note back that I would apply the regulation 5, paragraph 5 of 5 I do not know anything ... and if repeated, the second to the famous regulation threw me of the "U" and could not work more in the administration Public. Things the military government. Put a civilian epaulets and militarized

quickly ... In those years we made a book of Veterinary Virology with Dr. O. Celedon, educational book that included the areas covered in the course of virology. It was the first book with an educational, but was very taken by colleagues who had no virology ... also has a story, because the department head Dr. Lautaro Pinochet V. not authorized, said it would, that students would not go to school ... It was based on a decree of the military government in that university teachers should ask permission to make books. Again ... things the military government of the time ...

started in research with a partnership of $ 100,000 that I won the National Horse. With that capital began my first thesis studying equine rhinopneumonitis. My first student was Victor V. Riveros A good student, complete, was good for the lab, and it was also clinic horses and dogs. But we were two months, and the cells did not grow ... we changed the media, serum, trypsin, we changed everything and nothing. Victor was karate, had patience. I do not so much. One day I threw all the material for cell culture, and started from scratch. And it turned out. I think it was distilled water that was not right ...

At the end of the year I won a project to study equine virus, with which we gave the animal virology in Chile. The project lasted from 1976 until 1982, with a large number of scientific publications, theses, and assistance to national and international conferences. Already at that time had fulfilled the commitment I had with the school and the "U"!

I had very good students in theory, include A. Vicente Muñoz, Patricio G. Manzur, Juan Luis Fabia, R. Nelson B. Acuña, Gonzalo R. González, Francisco Cortes C., Peter S. Smith, Peter Fiegehen C., Conrad M. Malmus, among many good thesis students who dared to work in virology, no easy area, demanding, and with a teacher like me, bad Pula and demanding, to say the least ...

The first congress I attended abroad was to Rio de Janeiro, where in addition to the technical presentations had to talk about the teaching of virology.

In the meantime had been some problems. He went to Brazil Dr. Mireya Gómez L. master's degree in virology from Davis, California with which almost did not manage to work together. And it was Dr. Ofelia V. Celedón recent graduate. She is so far in Veterinary Virology at the "U". It has done very well!


2 .- Travel to Montevideo, Uruguay. Veterinary Medicine, University Republic, 1977

In 1977 I was invited by IICA (Interamerican Institute of Agricultural Sciences to make a support for the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Republic in Montevideo. I took a course in virology and immunology for graduate studies and all provided by Pfizer of Montevideo. I spent cell culture and means, and elements for neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition. Everything went well with 10 veterinary students. One Friday I had to get their attention because they were gone the week end (mentally) and was handy around the cell cultures. still have to agree because it seems that no one before had cried like me ... I met

Punta del Este, in good company with the little girl of course ...!

On returning to Chile, the LAN was arrested at the airport, I read in the newspaper the obituary of Dr. Carlos Flores who died in those days. I felt much as we would travel together to Montevideo, he and I Bacteriology Virology. Such is life ...

My stay in Montevideo was no stranger to the political problems of the day. The dean of veterinary medicine was the brother of the president of the governing board. And in veterinary snoring. To know asked me to wear aprons and I wondered why. At last I passed a big huge, and I like a Buddhist monk or something. Di

two talks at the University of equine influenza and equine rhinopneumonitis another. There began my journey with equine influenza! Unexpectedly in one of those talks, highly publicized in the press of Montevideo, the Dean will prevent entrance to a veterinary colleague for the political activism of his father ... And he had been kind enough to give me embryonated eggs and avian viruses to the practical. That day I was half embarrassed and I did find the dean, who told me arguing that I was too nice. I was left swallowed me it entirely!

I tempted me to stay in the "U" Uruguayan invitation did not consider. My destination was different, and in Chile!

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ME (3) Berrios Patricio Etchegaray

My first job as a veterinarian, and my graduate studies at Davis, UCD.

1 .- My first job in the field of veterinary medicine

It was hard to "plug" in the laboratory diagnosis of FMD, Department of Microbiology at the Bacteriological Institute of Public Health Institute now. Do not know how to use a centrifuge. Do not know what they were viral titers or antibody. I did not know to work with logarithms. But I learned to pure blunders. I even learned to make balloon pipettes Pasteur pipette with a simple and good Bunsen burner. The red Tapia, a good employee of the lab, taught me to bleed into the heart in guinea pigs, and the marginal vein in rabbits. The boy Reyes taught me something of the life of employees to reach every Monday with his face bruised and eyes in ink, purple into reality. The guy who was really tiny, was a fighter and he drew the crest and a half rosquero. Every week I borrowed $ 10 that I never returned and one day I could not pay and was angry with me for ever, so simple ...

I entered public service in Category 5 with a miserable salary. Paid only 6 hours a day. But my boss asked us to work 8 hours or more on principle and not for the money. A whole school! By chance one day when going to the national stadium to watch football, I met a classmate, Fernando Varas, who worked in the NHS in grade 7, ie good grades up through the ranks, was surprised by my contract, and gave me yours to claim in the Institute. I did it to the annoyance of my colleagues, including Dr. Eduardo Fuenzalida L., were not welcome a freshman to do so in a higher category. But it was law of the Republic. We went to the Comptroller with Sonia Vasquez, which then marry a colleague, there we attended a big bureaucrat who refused me entry status of veterinarians in grade 7, I showed him the contract pelao Varas, and refused to budge. The Institute sent a new contract appropriate to the current law, which was rejected three times. In fact, I lost half pay for 6 months, on top I went to take my direct boss Dr. Edith Aguilera, who appears to not look at me so kindly ...

In 1976 I attended a course on modified live virus, with fever disease that dictated the Pan American Foot-and through the OAS. It was quite an experience to meet so many colleagues aftosólogos South America. I wore with my little experience on which to broadcast extracts from FMDV agar gel, was obtained 4 lines of precipitation in the points on which contact the viral antigens with specific antibodies, antigen correpondían lines major and minor virus the third line seem to correspond to viral material degradation, and the fourth line, no one knew it was not by proxy. For this reason Dr. Nora would not try to publish the odd job. But Brown and Crick months after the disease at Pirbright Laboratory, UK, discovered that corresponded to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It would not be the only time that a head prevent me from publishing a small discovery, which for me was very important ...

Tempted by the possibility of studying in the U.S. Virology Veterinary went to the "U". Plucked from the flames to fall into the coals, that simple. At that time the University and I think the country was beginning to stir, politically convulsing ...

2 .- My first years in college before going to USA to study virology.

The first day I went to work, the two candidates approached me for something, I forget what, and they raised me a really special, you both said I would vote for him ...

My contract was as assistant to 2 °, as it should be, although I later learned that others had come as helpers 1 °. I have more wedges ... But my problem was that being assistant Microbiology, Dean Rodriguez in a change of course, led me to the chair of Infectious with his friend Emily R. Armijo man of noble ancestry microbiological had their hands on the discovery of penicillin but was won by the famous A. Flemming, which deeply embittered him, and I did pay me. It bothered me a lot, but recognize that as Nora taught me hard lock, Armijo taught me to think, leaving no be. I worked with him on avian mycoplasmas, and a colleague in mycoplasmas of cattle. With Nelson Cruz M. Mycoplasmas isolated from the semen of bulls looking for a possible link to infertility, as opposed Armijo simple to find work, I resumed the Chair of Microbiology with Carlos Flores Gaston Iron and Joy R. It should be noted that he was gone from the Dean's office Dr. Rodriguez.

With Maria Luisa Sanchez and Nelson Cruz Ch we earn an internal project to work on mycoplasmas of cattle. It was a lot of money, but enough to do something in mycoplasmosis. In fact we published three papers in Chile, with two conference presentations. All an achievement for those emerging researchers.

Back then I had the privilege of teaching the mycoplasma culture techniques to people in the area of \u200b\u200bmedicine of San Juan de Dios, medical microbiology of the "U", and Dr. Zenteno of the Catholic. Sometimes I met people from these groups, and they said something nice about my delivery of knowledge without reservation or pecuniary interests. Incidentally first isolated in Chile a mycoplasma hominis from the urethra of a chronic patient. Paper presented at the Society of Microbiology in Chile in 1970.

back to grades, I was able to apply for assistant 1, contest won by Weighted 1 point. But, I got pay to lose some economic benefits aides had 2 °. Claim until I got stitches. Was studying English to meet the language requirement that put the University of California for awarding graduate fellowships. And these studies were costing his good weights. One day I called the manager of these things at the School of Veterinary Medicine, and asked how much he wanted to recover the losses, I threw myself at 12%, which was accepted under the backpack was left until the military government university finances reorganized.

Ah! The scholarship was almost lost when Dr. Rodriguez was ordered to give me English test within a week, to which I refused, reminding that the compromise was to render it at the end of the year. And therefore not gave up and left out. To tell them that for months was another fellow with no English to study laboratory animals at Davis California.

With the change of Dean, now was Dr. Oscar Valenzuela Saavedra, opened the possibilities to go to USA, even as two scholarships for Virology. One day I called for an interview, Dr. Cripe of the Chile-California who asked me about what sports to which religion had, among other things, but nothing about politics. I was independent ... It seems Allende that the most influential was that I had a couple of published works. So far, so good to go to USA only needed English. I passed the exam Vocabulario Penitas, then the TOEFL. It was worse for the English and always drew a little more than the minimum. In the end I went to study in USA in 1970.

But first I must not drop it, the intelligentsia of the school came up to ask for a review of statistics and biochemistry as a requirement for the Faculty would pass. I refused. And I argued that some of those who had gone to Germany had asked German and mathematics, so I would rather lose the scholarship opportunity, the truth is he was almost certain that with these bunches was easy to miss some and not others. Finally took no extra consideration, obviously manipulative.

Once my dear Professor Carlos Flores asked me to replace him at a faculty meeting, to which I agreed willingly and proudly, but did not know what I was getting into. Right students were judging the genetics Dr. Tapia, a man of ideas left, right left, and he snapped injuries of all kinds to my amazement I saw Dr. Tapia suck a little until he went to the trouble, and little by little I was refuting the charges to students until they tied. After I thanked him for having Dr. Flores the shots taken with me and not go to that meeting he was Bravissimo. Dr. Flores

always considered and accepted me as I was, I said I was Berriista Zapatistas, the Independent Republic of Patricio Berrios. I also thank Oscar Valenzuela for accepting me and helped without being of its ideology. This was my independent nature that I remember ever voted for a leftist candidate and a candidate in an election right university, was anomalous as a vote, much discussed, but I knew I was the perpetrator ...

conclude with my practical step by veterinary microbiology in 1969, and with great empathy with students, who were tired of conflict. I passed them to Gram + Rojelia of the time, and Gram - the most odds, but they do not put up with that go up above the piano. So if you do not!


3 .- My studies of virology at the University of California at Davis Campus Master

For my areas were: Virology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases. For the Ph.D.: Virology, Immunology and Epidemiology


the late '70s, I traveled to California in Los Angeles Aero Peru. From there to Sacramento in an old airplane, where I met Dr. Delbert Mc Kercher who was my guiding teacher for 3 years 10 months. At first I could hardly make myself understood in my bad English but was able to understand ...

Unfortunately in March 1970 my mother died, somewhat suddenly, which caused us great grief to Berrios Etchegaray. My mom was not enough to know he was going to study in USA and obviously did not meet his grandson, Gonzalo. Such is life ... Y. .. and will be 40 years ...

Between 1971 and 1974 many things happened, my son was born, 71 Gonzalo at Woodland Hospital, 73 came the military coup in Chile. 72 got the Master's Degree and Ph.D. December 74, the latter in the absence to be back in Chile, a demand made by the new authorities of my school ... In my doctoral thesis published three papers on herpes goat, although I lost everything I had done for a study with immunofluorescence; here said they had long been in the U.S. and therefore should return immediately for the entire year 75 bored with nothing to do!

A stressful event was Gonzalo operation to separate a cranial bone poorly consolidated. It was fine, just with an ugly wound on the scalp ... Dr. Holland who operated on him, was very correct, but one day reading a newspaper in Sacramento, who was accused of performing operations only silver ... Who knows?

My first hit was the English exam took the college to all new students. Lucky because I was totally fed up writing. As bad for the days I studied English before the test, and chose the materials of the U.S. last year. Me tinca was good because that's what I asked. I was lucky because gringuita understanding that read, Ms. Schwabe, wife of Dr Schwabe who had been in Chile, as well acute spoke what suits my ear, and the topic was about the action of fluorine on teeth that I knew well. Finally, in the multiple-choice questions, I managed fully to use reasoning to questions very well done to lose one, ie, a question was about who spoke for peace in Berlin, whether Russian or American soldier. All the American put without thinking, not me. All other questions were of the same tenor. Result: I was the only in passing with 98%, and so I did not take the English course that I have done so well, but instead I left with four courses, only took two and got two a and two b, something like two 6 and two sevens here. From that moment I make things easier, and almost 1 year had met the requirements of the Master. My teachers advised me to continue taking credits thinking about a possible doctorate in virology, and I did!

The truth is that I was a good student in USA, with good performance. Gringos the teachers said I was the best among the Chilean and Latin, which was not true. There were more intelligent than me, but imprsionaron elos is my commitment to take courses and work in the laboratory. Obviously he could not miss the opportunity to have everything on hand ...

I was very appealing to the U.S. university education system, everything was on wheels, no one could fail or be less than b out in classes. Schedules and programs are fulfilled to the letter. There I learned to study the materials before the class so much favored understanding. As the tests were difficult but very good, even days before you hit the wall evidence of the last 3 years. I could not believe it but that was all and most important was the style of the teacher's questions. Another thing, in the test rooms had not caring teachers, and students are not copied. Anyway, in every classroom had a mailbox called "honorary council" in which students could accuse who inflict the regulations, that is copied. Question of competition to be better than others, and ability to learn, in fact the undergraduate and graduate students were of note 6 and 7. It should be noted that veterinary students were equal or better that medicine!

The teachers were all first, knew what they were talking ... were also very understanding and correct, except Y. Zee virologist who in Virology Practice course only two b put me and a Hindu, the Hindu turban and all upper caste blue turban, she complained and went, I did and was the only b graduate course ... the fact that the note was not for me but for Dr. Mc Kercher whom were competitive rivals, with Zee and more to the young in their field. I was lucky to take the course of virology with Zee and practice with Mc Kercher, or cleverly combines theory with practice! Fate helped me again, Zee was in Australia when I gave my doctoral examination. Fortunately, because the Chinese were heavy, it was said that evil had taken his son's American professor of pure heavy and thought it was ...

student campus, Davis, was a cup of milk, with about 30,000 students, police and firefighters themselves. I remember a friend back Chilean chemical and volume, of the Faculty of Sciences, communist family, thought the campus was a veritable police state, and it was full of prostitutes who were only students who use little summer clothing. One day I pulled out of patience because the poor Carlos was a slave to his Marxist slogans, and blurted out why not going to study in Russia ...

met and fraternize with students from various countries around the world, Iranians and Indians, Africans, Chinese and South American. I remember a vet Iranian poet, who invited us to his house for dinner, and came with the usual flowers that requires the American label, told his wife, young and pretty, her dress was beautiful, and my amazement she pulled away and hid, was flushed, my colleague told me that in his country were not said those things to women, unless there is another intention. I apologized for my bad English. During dinner we were asked what degree of relationship my wife had and I, we were very different, to say that none were surprised because in Iran they were all relatives and marriages at arming parents ... and so had fewer divorces than in the West ...!

Japanese I met in the laboratory of Dr. Mc Kercher were serious. Once I spent an hour watching Joe Saito work I was doing a microtitre a herpes virus. As I did not ball, I asked him what he was doing and did not answer. Angry I took his arm and told him that the teacher had asked me I come to him to teach me the art technology at that time. Saito replied: he is their teacher, not me. And about ... The Midori Wada Ethel could not see Latinos, loose and bitten by the spider. Two years later, I recognized my ability to see how it worked on my thesis. When I was a plating technique in cell culture plates, I said, you're the first one to get to the first time, and without help the American style, and thereafter relied on my job ... was the special case Hiroshi Ito, a veterinarian, with a horrible sequelae of poliomyelitis as used in the summer coat up to cover their affected limbs. Once I invited him to my house, we invite you red wine with strawberries, drinking of the cup, turned purple and was very bad. After he passed I said I had a sort of intolerance to wine. And that had refused the glass of wine simply because the homeowner is not told no. Japanese matter of courtesy.

With the gringos was different, I had few friends among veterinary students. Bob Garrindo spoke English, the only Latino in the course; the Anita Hennes, delegate of course, a very good person gringa, I sat beside me and once I said quietly, in class, I was nervous for his large and beautiful legs I had next to me, she told me: You have the devil in the body (You have of devil on the mind), I argued in my country the girls were dressed like the beach or pool, but not to school ... With another gringo, Todd, who spoke English, who had learned when he went to Mexico to purchase marijuana, played ping-pong and I beat him so disliked. I had been runner-up school in Curico ... These gringos when I told them they were good gringos, they answered that they played the gringo in USA

was me ... I once went to a party of his course, and my surprise the first thing I saw was a gringa naked from the waist up, the shot I thought it would be good party, it was not, Susy was exceptional. This time I took Chilean pisco and did not like, they were champions for beer ...

With people of color had some small contacts, I managed to meet a technologist virology, very good person. They speak different English, something dragged. The first day I visited the campus, was in awe of vending machines for food and drink, when I met with three bold, a very beautiful, the other more or less and the third very fat. I told them it was South American and USA I really liked, but agreed with me that they did not like whites ... not overcome racial problems. The worst was a black man who did the toilet in the laboratory, once we talked about USA is exalted and yelled in English he does not understand much. It turned out he was a Black Panther. A few days after they were thrown by dangerous ...

The I graduate fellow Nigerians, sympathetic and understanding and to my surprise they were not well regarded by the Argentine media group that was racist and believed ...

People who worked in the laboratory of Dr. Mc Kercher were Cy Yanquee, an eternal student wealthy; Giovanni Castruchi of Italy, a great lord, Eliseo Hernández B. Mexico a good friend, a South African whose name I forget, and Japan's Hiroshi Ito.

My oldest son born in those days and I changed my tactics to study, he did at home and eating a lot. I had to start studying at the campus library was open until 12 midnight. Very complete library had the latest books and journals in the week that had been published ... Ah! On campus, everything was done by bike, absolutely everyone was walking on two wheels, including teachers. Occasionally there were real shot that left more than a wounded ...

Regarding the 40 families of Chileans who were on campus, it was difficult to fraternize with them, was the time of Allende and U.S. tensions were reflected there. I remember that 18 September was held together, but here Odds and there the upelientos. He did see a friend agronomist, and ironically I suggested that next year's celebration was made separately ... The truth is that there was an uneasy tension between Chilean students and their families included. Samples we were all prisoners of slogans, and did not see clearly the true reality. I realized something was wrong in Chile when my father told me he had gone to San Fernando to buy some chickens. Worse was when I knew that someone in the next coup, had sent a gift diaper relative ... Diapers, no never have occurred to me such a gift ...

I held two months without a car, until I became convinced that the USA car was indispensable. First I had a camionetita Ford, then a VW newest and most stylish I changed the end of a Chevy Nova 1973, I brought to Chile by boat and untaxed by the law of return of the military government ... Given the intense

pressure study, the campus had to start the weekend, so much to San Francisco I met a beautiful harbor, Los Angeles tremendously large and polluted, San Diego, beautiful, and the California state capital of Sacramento, a city flat, wide without tall buildings as San Francisco. Once we went to Northern California to Lake Tahoe, with its beautiful lake, beautiful forests and large casinos where a good day I won $ 300 the first play that I went three Buddhas, and as there was a player I retired with all the little money.

courses passed quickly and completed the required number of credits. I got a date for the review and I got sick, I think of pure nervous, so I gave up out of date. I gave a bad review because I was tense and did not understand the questions. But I passed!

And there, waiting for the doctoral career was safe but was not as well because I came out to my colleague H. Alcaíno C. Parasitology who introduced 5 minutes before it closed the period on the letterhead stating that the call for proposals said "Microbiology and Parasitology. " With this strategy I won and I was jumping on one leg. But, my good friend Donald Jasper, R-tome and back, very correct man told me not to worry. He came to Chile, and proposed as a candidate but without competition, ie the grant was for me or anyone. Asked 3 years but the Faculty Council was awarded just 2 years, who were actually 22 months, and the requirement that back then to do the thesis in Chile. I never imagined where it would do a PhD in Chile at that time and militarized ... I was lucky that I fell from heaven a herpes virus work on goats, a new virus that had appeared or emerged in California. I had more difficulty performing the work, and I finished a couple of months before the deadline. Remember that it was necessary courses require. I was not even remember for graduation and I missed with toga and all.

Before my thesis I had to meet the requirement of an examination qualifier (Qualifying). I set it up with a great tactic and not less strategy. I started studying the materials of Virology, reviewing and forgotten in at each point outside biochemistry or statistics, for this I organized at the Library of campus from 9:00 to 12:00, from 14:00 to 17: 00, and finally from 18:00 to 21:00. Studied alongside the V where he Virology and Veterinary. I lasted a month with the training and once they took off and after the scare I had when I realized I did not remember anything about the course, lowered the rate by eliminating the afternoon I stopped for a refreshing nap. One day I realized that I did not learn anything else, and I asked Dr. Jasper forward the date of my exam, which he could not believe as they always asked postponements.

In my test, with 5 high-quality teachers, I had the bad luck that Dr. Schwabe was intended to look at epidemiology and sent me to the blackboard to solve an epidemiological problem, just think that was all he had failed to mind to prepare. As the third attempt will achunté the problem. I spent 3 hours standing in that bombarded me with questions in immunology. And some of the virus. That was a good test that gave up, even when he was ready, Dr. Schwabe me wonder the likes of various famous men, their specialty and nationality. According to him, I knew about 50%, which should improve because it would be a teacher ... then he told me that in his doctoral examination had been asked that question and he had sworn revenge. It fell to me, but I left it with dignity ...

Then came the writing of the thesis, which helped a lot Dr. McKercher who, seeing that I was sleep, forced me to make a "break" in San Diego. EASA was busted by now, even my friends said goodbye in a room with strippers and all, I fell asleep a few meters from them ... This is in San Francisco, the Babylon of the west coast of USA.

With Mc Kercher had a couple of disagreements, once said, You Do not have enough balls! What angered him greatly. I asked where he learned these things, I told Midori that taught me the ... which was partly true. I was always very frank with him, and I think I was good and that the dismissal said he could say to me was that he knew what I was thinking ... and point, y. .. accepted me as such ...

I went by car to Houston Texas, from there flown to Miami on Lan Chile to Santiago, and after nearly 4 years of serious study I found a changed country, including the veterinary school was no longer in the Quinta Normal but in Santa Rosa Ave. And with many new teachers. It took reinserted, remember that a technologist, Miss Mary, the day after I arrived I was told that he was told he would get a bad man and a communist to boot, and the important thing is that Miss Mary had studied for nun did not see it that way. Otherwise I was never communist or Marxist!

Quite a change. Go to change. I took a year to get used in Chile ... and the "U" de Chile ...

That year was a black year '75, having nothing to do. Since 1976 started with herpes research animals, classes of Virology and Immunology at undergraduate and graduate. He was the best laboratory of Virology, which was equipped with everything needed by the Ford Foundation.

worked intensively from 1976 to 1995 when I left the "U" retired by anticipation.

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VETERINARY AND I (2) (Berrios Patricio Etchegaray) My studies at the U of Chile and my first activity

VETERINARY AND I

I. - My studies veterinary medicine at U of Chile.

5 years of medicine I veterinary medicine as such and 6 th year of animal production. Won two titles, one veterinarian, and the other a degree in Animal Science and Veterinary Medical. Textual.

My time at the veterinary college, was not without personal and family problems. Not all overcome. Not all forgotten. The reports tell in post mortem to be published ...

Promotion of '57 had the honor of opening the new modern building which gradually replace the former School of Veterinary Medicine, located in the Quinta Normal. Initially shared the old clinics and wards of Anatomy and Pathology. This school was a few meters from Natural History Museum and the "bottle house, built entirely of glass bottles. There we held, from time to time their bottles of beer ...

With the new building, Dean HK Sievers, found nothing better than to increase the enrollment of some 30 students to 110, and inadvertently started the overpopulation of veterinary Chile ... Today, the "U" did nothing wrong to increase enrollment to 140, only to take away good students at veterinary schools in private universities. In any event he did more reasonable at the time Sievers. Normally

veterinary courses had 1 or 2 little girls. During our more than 10, most of them very smart and beautiful! I remember my classmates were very correct, though somewhat politicized, ahead of time!

At that time we left a lot to the outskirts of Santiago, north and south of the country to meet national agricultural environment. Even went to Buenos Aires to the livestock show in Palermo, Montevideo and known Uruguayan slaughterhouses and cold storage. All paid for by the university.

As the teachers had all, some old pioneers of the profession, which apparently never had the opportunity to graduate studies. Of good memories to Roberto B. Donoso, Hugo O. Díaz, Oscar Valenzuela O., Carlos Flores of F., Julio San Miguel, Isaiah V. Tagle Francesco di Castri, Hugo K. Sievers, the two Tapia (good and bad, depending on who opine), among others.

studies programs were pretty classic, pretty much like the French school and the school of human medicine. The courses were a year and could repeat all the classes, and only one in April. If not approved in April was repeated year by only one course.

tests were something serious, most oral remember in biology went wrong when Dr. Donovan did not accept me saying that my answers were good for the Reader's Digest. Anatomy (2 nd year) went wrong when Dr. Vedroni misunderstood me an answer, and was justified by saying it was inconceivable that anyone would think that the liver was below the diaphragm, which I did not say. And point by March. By contrast, in Pathology with Dr. Rodriguez (jerky), went well thanks to remember that garlic (Allium sativum) was hypotensive. The teacher told me I won by points, 4, and chao. In genetics, a branch bravo, I pulled a 6.2 in the third test with weight 3, but, as in previous tests had been more or less led me to review, I took the ball with a number of questions, answered all, confirming Note the 3 rd test and got a 5 which was a very good note on the genetics of Dr. Tapia. Finally, the last memory testing is the branch of Porcinotecnia, Berrios was the first in the list, and asked me about Dr. Haardt food of pigs, I knew nothing. March and was in 6th grade and almost finished with my thesis. Best that I was asked the teacher not to ask about food because we did not know, he did and went all well, given that the workers told me duck calls, I answered that the note was well placed because I knew nothing of porcinotecnia bouquet that I liked. In March I got a 5 and learned some of the pigs.

finished with an average of 4.8 that I stood in the upper third of the course!

I was fortunate to work on my thesis with Dr. Valenzuela of Pathophysiology and Dean of Veterinary Medicine. We investigated the action of antibiotics on the uptake of iodine and phosphorus in the liver and muscles of chicks. The chickens were donated by a poultry stock, and antibiotics for Pfizer. I worked all summer. And measuring the uptake of P32 and Y131 in the School of Medicine with Dr. Egaña. A success were the results. And note: two 7 and 5, Dr. of 5 argued that he had not been consulted on the methodology used, and left the 5 ... It seems there was some professional jealousy with my teacher in charge ... The review

grade, I was lucky and not lucky enough to have my commitment to the dean Dr Ramón Rodríguez Toro, aftosólogo virologist who showed me that he knew of virus But that was not my fault because school was not taught virology, and therefore had to hire people who specialize in that area. Eventually one of them was going to be me ...

I left for the final in 1959. The storming of the school, clear the building. We had problems with Dean Sievers, outdated by the teachers. Following discussions it was decided vain it best taken school to get attention. And so, with reporters and everything. I went on the cover of the magazine Ercilla. Moments earlier he had jumped the fence of the school and had fallen like a sack of potatoes on the other side, and to my dismay recently we realized that the door was open ...

For this and other reasons like my course was known as "course union "...

This was the first university in the country takes. Later became a habit, until today ... It was the Dean Sievers, left many teachers and our school changed dramatically improved in many aspects, but since then it tremendously politicized.

The next step for the University was as a professor of Microbiology and Immunology.

But just before serving as veterinarian rcibirme untitled ...


II .- Chief Veterinary Group in Chiloé 1963. Social Outreach Department of the date. This was my first activity as a veterinarian.

Shortly before receiving veterinarian, I was invited to participate in a conference date extension in Chiloé. By chance, I was in charge of veterinary group, and interdisciplinary group of Llau-Callao, a small town close to Castro. That February 1963 was an interesting time for me. Learned much of Chiloé and its people, and especially the character, aspirations and differing views of university students from other faculties.

In 1962 the Social Outreach Department today under the slogan "Your profession has a social meaning. Project it" organized a summer job in Chiloé, in the towns of Chacao, Dalcahue Achao Chonchi Llau-Llao. Date Policy was: Fernando Tagle Y. President, Hernan Pozo M. Treasurer, M. Edith D. Latorre Secretary, and Jose Miguel Insulza S. Vocal Date.

On January 30, 1963 we set off from Santiago. We went by train to Puerto Montt in two cars provided by EFE. My grandmother went to leave and still I see half sad, the truth is that months later he died of liver cancer. To say that the journey we had fun. In Puerto Montt stayed in the regiment to which I was accustomed to in our travels we carried out by the veterinary school. From Puerto Montt Ancud travel to Trinidad in the steam. In the boat moving well, many of my university classmates were seasick, perhaps out of habit of walking on the sea ...

From Ancud Llau-llao went by truck. In Llau-llao stayed at the premises of a former public school. The schoolhouse was opposite the cemetery, typical of the South with the burials surrounded by wooden fences. Throughout the month sleep on the ground, I did in my sleeping bag, and we all get used quickly. I even remember when I went back to Santiago could not get used to sleeping on soft ...

Llau-group consisted llao: Celia Alvarez and Alberto Minoletti of Medicine, Nelly Tapia and Rosa Nursing Hermosilla, Rebeca Montenegro Home Education, Social Service Nelly Barra, Eduardo Chavez of Agronomy, Cristobal Kay Economy , Silvia Martínez Gustavo Quintana of Teaching and Physical Education. I was a graduate of Veterinary Medicine, perhaps the greatest of all. An American was Eugene Johnson added Peace Corps.

Other veterinary students were Chiloé: Heriberto Olave L., Gerardo Nunez, John Burrows, and Emilio was Spiñeira Ancud.

DATE provided us with E ° 120, shields at the time. as recorded in my notebook of expenses, the first investment we made was to buy a chuico in E ° 1 on 3 February 1963. Then we bought chickens, eggs and chicha ... Mid-month we gave a supplement of E 70. In my accountability indicating a cost of E ° 182.50, returned E ° 7.5.

Teamwork was ordered under the following concepts: integration

Racing Form
Fieldwork

Community Life Critical Analysis teamwork and group life
community attitude towards work done, and against the team of college students

local initiatives to urge order were:

Clean Water Well Get

latrines filling Assist Tax Return for Agricultural Property Get phone
Llau-llao
Conveying your interest in forming a dairy cooperative based on the existing agricultural cooperative

Create a bulletin board to inform the press and radio of Castro on the activities of town, in a systematic

The Pfizer through Dr. César Martínez has given us a large quantity of medicines that were used and other gifts to farmers in the area.

While in Llau-llao farmers attended the following: Alfredo Hernandez 60 blocks with pigs and cattle, and sheep scab. The 8 cows that had produced 5 liters per head. Luis Borquez Diaz small landowner who had a camionetita. He brought his players, speckled black, from Osorno. FMD did not suffer from blocking the entrance and exit of tenants in your property. Castro sent his milk every day. I had apple trees and cherry trees with canker chape ... Olegario Gallardo with 2 cows and 25 sheep with mange. José del Carmen Kaman with 16 birds have mixed Ha Leghorn chickens and fewer eggs chilotas that Prodeco but are resistant to the harsh climate. Francisco Segura had ducks, turkeys, geese and chickens. He managed to sell the pigs before swine! Carmen Dolores Perez Vera had sheep and used the Cu SO4 for lameness. Virginia Pérez Vera with a model farm, bees and pigs. Auristela Diaz with 23 sheep for subsistence, the wool blankets and mattresses, and meat for domestic consumption. Teresa Perez Barria with thrips chickens treated with DDT without good results. I only mention these farmers to indicate that I worked as a veterinarian Llau-Callao.

A funny thing, a couple of colleagues to whom we called the usufrunas spoke a foreign language when they wanted us enterásemos of his stories, for it replaced the vowels, the "a" auf, "e" by Elder, the "i" ixi, the "or" Older and "u" for usufrun. They spoke quite fast in this strange language that was not such. Try and see that you can ...

On 14 February we had a general meeting in Ancud I had to say about what we had done. I remember I talked and talked, and did not know how to finish. How terrible. The Center for the Dissemination of the "U" I recorded in full, and one day, years later in Santiago, I saw on television. How I long to see me now ...

practically my report to concerned: According to initial plan included a series of livestock and health aspects of Chiloé own as a mobile but no locomotion, through direct work with small and medium farmers even without the help of the only veterinarian who worked in Chiloé.

To form a general view of the problems chilotes investigated the number of animals from each farm, nutrition, methods of selection and management or breeding. The use and marketing of livestock products in the area indicated a subsistence economy, with a slaughter of animals lacking any sanitary control. The health aspect studied indicated that the main problems were swine, for lack of vaccines, the sheep scab known by them to travel to sheep ranches in Argentina.

Regarding agricultural organization detect the absence of organization which was due to the backwardness of agriculture in Chile and the Americas. The lack of skilled professionals and social sense and knowledge of the area. The lack of farmers' response to attempts to group due to excessive politicization. The lack of material resources of the big state schools. All of this magnified the work of the Institute of Rural Education. I drew applause emphasize the awareness of farmers to enter the line of progress. Enes

time it was possible to work together and once with a real professional division that was part of the veterinary health and animal and agricultural production at the plant in this case vegetables.

conclude by recalling that we wanted to cure chilotes huasos the farewell barbecue, and did so with some little girls in Santiago. I did what I learned in school trips, leaving the wine glass on the floor, and throw it with his foot. So I'm not cured. And gave me the luxury of challenging the mayor to do that with inexperienced little girls! We returned from

Llau-Llao Ancud in a landing craft operating in the area, and from there to Puerto Montt in the Trinity, through Calbuco was still an island, and by train to Santiago to get home on February 28 at 10:30 am ... Then we would meet at the home of Celia Alvarado. Once I went for a walk with Silvia Martinez ... and nothing happened. I once saw on TV Dr. Alberto Minoletti with a high post in the Ministry of Health. In USA, Davis, who was with Eduardo Chavez did his doctorate, but never to return to Chile ... Of those people have only heard of Jose Miguel Insulza was a member of the date of that then ... Now is the President of the OAS! Still I have a telegram sent me to Llau-Callao!

The '64 was already working on disease and did not give me permission to travel to Chiloé and in that trip that the focus of veterinarians was just FMD. In fact for me was a parasitologist school ...!!!

Of that group I've only heard of José Miguel Insulza S. The rest seems to be the wind carried ...

Leep And Implantation Bleeding

untitled DIFFERENT PATHOGENICITY OF RABIES VIRUS ISOLATES AND PROTECTION TEST IN MICE VACCINATED

Rev. Inst Med Trop. Sao Paulo
52 (5) :231-235, September-October, 2010

(1) Laboratory of Raiva and encephalitis Virais, Biological Institute of São Paulo. Av Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves 1252, 04014-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Tel: 55 11 5087 1779. E-mail: cunha@biologico.sp.gov.br

(2) College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510 Japan.
(3) Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, FMVZ-USP, São Paulo, Brazil.
Correspondence to: MS Cunha Elenice, encephalitis and Rabies Lab, Institute of Biological S. Paulo, Av Cons. Rodrigues Alves 1252, 04014-002 Sao Paulo, Brazil. E-mail: cunha@biologico.sp.gov.br

pathogenicity RABI OF DIFFERENT VIRUS PROTECTION AND ISOLATE TEST
IN MICE vaccinated
Elenice CUNHA MS (1), Alessandra NASSAR CF (1), Maria do Carmo CSH LARA (1 ), Eliana CM VILLALOBOS (1), Go Sato (2), KOBAYASHI Yuki (2), Youko SHOJI
(2), Takuya ITOU(2), Takeo SAKAI(2) & Fumio H. ITO(3)

SUMMARY
This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the pathogenicity of rabies virus isolated from bats and dogs, and to verify the efficacy of a commercial rabies vaccine against these isolates. For evaluation of pathogenicity, mice were inoculated by the intramuscular route (IM) with 500MICLD50/0.03mL of the viruses. The cross-protection test was performed by vaccinating groups of mice by the subcutaneous route and challenged through the intracerebral (IC) route. Isolates were fully pathogenic when inoculated by the IC route. When inoculated intramuscularly, the pathogenicity observed showed different death rates: 60.0% for the Desmodus rotundus isolate; 50.0% for dog and Nyctinomops laticaudatus isolates; 40.0% for Artibeus lituratus isolate; 9.5% Molossus molossus isolate; and 5.2% for the Eptesicus furinalis isolate. Mice receiving two doses of the vaccine and challenged by the IC route with the isolates were fully protected. Mice receiving only one dose of vaccine were partially protected against the dog isolate. The isolates from bats were pathogenic by the IC route in mice. However, when inoculated through the intramuscular route, the same isolates were found with different degrees of pathogenicity. The results of this work suggest that a commercial vaccine protects mice from infection with bat rabies virus isolates, in addition to a canine rabies virus isolate.
KEYWORDS: Rabies virus; Pathogenicity; Vaccine.

INTRODUCTION
The Lyssavirus genus includes 11 recognized species17. The rabies virus (RABV) is found in various domestic animals but also in bats. The Lagos bat virus (LBV), Mokola virus (MOKV) and the Duvenhage virus (DUVV) have been isolated in bats, domestic animals and humans in Africa21. European bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 (EBLV1 and EBL2) have been isolated from insectivorous bats in Europe14. Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) circulates in Australia among insectivorous and pteropid bats and has caused cases of human rabies35. Recently, four new lyssavirus species were isolated from bats in Eurasia and were ratified by the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV Official Taxonomy: Updates since the 8th Report)17: the Irkut (IRKV)5 Aravan (ARAV)1, Khujand (KHUV)22 and the West Caucasian bat virus (WCBV)5. KUZMIN et al., 201021 described the isolation and characterization of a new lyssavirus, which should be considered a new species of the genus. Based on phylogeny, serological cross-reactivity, and peripheral pathogenicity to mice, lyssaviruses can be placed into two phylogroups2. Phylogroup I includes RABV, DUVV, EBL1, EBL2, ABLV, ARAV, KHUV and IRKV. Phylogroup II includes LBV and MOKV. The WCBV cannot be included in any of these phylogroups, and was suggested that it be considered as a member of an independent phylogroup III16,20. Viruses of phylogroup I have been shown to be pathogenic for mice when inoculated via the intracerebral (IC) and intramuscular (IM) routes. Members of phylogroup II were shown to be pathogenic for mice only when inoculated via the IC route2.
In Brazil, dog-transmitted rabies has been reduced by an aggressive vaccination program30; however, bat-transmitted rabies (particularly the Desmodus rotundus) remains endemic, especially in Northern and Northeastern states26,33. According to the data of Brazilian Ministry of Health27, in 2010 (until April) occurred one case of human rabies in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, and the source was associated to bat transmission; in 2009, two cases in the state of Maranhão due to dog transmission; in 2008, there were two cases transmitted by vampire bats respectively in Pernambuco and Goiás State, and one marmoset-transmitted case in Ceará; in 2007 there was one case of dog-transmitted rabies in Maranhão; in 2006 there were nine cases due to dogs and vampire bats, six in the state of Maranhão, and respectively one case in the states of Pernambuco, Alagoas, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. In the year of 2005, there were reported 42 human rabies cases transmitted by vampire bats, one dog and one due to marmoset transmission. In the majority of these human cases, the possible animal species were drawn based on genetic sequencing analyses of the isolates.
A panel of monoclonal antibodies to rabies virus collections from Brazil has identified two major variants, one associated with dogs and other with vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), as well as other variants associated with several insectivorous bats and common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus)4,12. Genetic characterization of Brazilian rabies virus isolates, by sequencing of partial or complete N gene18,34, P gene4, and G genes sequences31 also identified two principal variants maintained by vampire bats and dogs. However, a molecular analysis performed with viruses of insectivorous bats identified three variants of rabies virus19. Thus, rabies virus isolates from the frugivorous bats (Artibeus sp.) were found to be closely related to those viruses isolated from D. rotundus vampire bats19,34. All these studies have demonstrated that the rabies virus isolates from Brazil belonged to genotype 1 of rabies virus. However, little is known about the biological characteristics of these isolates and about the ability of current rabies vaccines to elicit immune responses which would provide cross-protection. The inactivated commercial rabies virus vaccines for human and animal use, such as the Pitman Moore (PM), Pasteur virus (PV), and Flury Lep (LEP), all belong to genotype 1. These vaccines induce immunity against viruses of the phylogroup I but fail to protect against viruses of the genotype 2 and 32,6,23,24 and WCBV16. Failures of protection in mice by Brazilian vaccines against wild rabies viruses were reported36.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and to compare the pathogenicity of several isolates of rabies viruses isolated from hematophagous, frugivorous, and insectivorous bats with the rabies virus isolated from dog, and the efficacy of a commercially available rabies vaccine against these isolates. The experiments were performed in a mice model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Canine rabies virus isolate (BR-C) used in this experiment corresponded to one of the isolates of the 1992’s dog rabies epidemic registered in the municipality of Araçatuba, São Paulo. Five bats isolates were chosen based on the nucleocapsid (NC) differences of the several independent lineages of bat rabies viruses in Brazil. One lineage consisted of a vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus BR-DR1), and also including the isolate from a frugivorous bat (Artibeus lituratus BR-AL3). Other three lineages consisted of insectivorous bat isolates; namely the Eptesicus sp. (BR-EF1), Molossus sp. (BR-MM1) and Nyctinomops sp. (BR-EF1) isolates19. The source of each virus isolate is summarized in Table 1. Brain samples were diagnosed as rabies-positive by both the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and mouse inoculation test (MIT). All isolates were collected from the brain tissue and passed five times in suckling mouse brain using IC inoculation.
The titers of the viral isolates were determined by IC inoculations of tenfold virus dilutions into 4-week-old mice, and 50% mouse IC lethal dose (MICLD50) was calculated using the Reed and Müench method29.
Four-week-old mice were used for pathogenicity and cross protection tests.
Mice were provided by the LANAGRO-SP (Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de São Paulo), and were housed and handled with ethical principles in animal research adopted by the Bioethics Commission of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny of University of São Paulo (protocol number 263/2003) .
For evaluation of pathogenicty, one group of Swiss female mice
(n = 20), 6 week-old, were injected by IM route in the thigh (0.1 mL) with 500MICLD50/0.03mL of each viral isolates. Control mice were injected using the virus diluent containing 2% inactivated horse serum in distilled water and antibiotics. These mice were observed for signs of rabies for a minimum of 30 days.
For the immunization of mice, a veterinary commercially available Pasteur virus (PV-strain) propagated in BHK-21 cells, chemically inactivated and containing an adjuvant was kindly provided by the Biovet® (RAI-VET - lot no. 466/04). The vaccine titer informed was 3.42 international unit (IU)/dose/mice of 2.0 mL and the vaccine had been approved by the LANAGRO (Brazilian Official Vaccine Testing Laboratory from the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply).
The mouse intracerebral lethal dose 50% (MICLD50/0.03mlL was determined by injecting 0.03 mL of BR-C, BR-EF1, BR-NL1, BR-AL3, BR-MM1, and BR-DR1, in each group consisting of 4 week-old Swiss female mice (n = 8) by the IC route.
For mouse protection studies, 14 groups of six 4-week-old female Swiss mice each were used. We administered 0.2 mL of the commercial inactivated rabies vaccine by the subcutaneous route on day 0 to all groups. A week later, seven groups were inoculated with a second dose (0.2 mL) of the same vaccine. All vaccinated groups were challenged 14 days after the first dose of vaccine, together with an equal number of unvaccinated control mice, with tenfold dilution of BR-C, BR-EF1, BR-NL1, BR-AL3, BR-MM1, and BR-DR1 isolates, by the IC route. Lethal dose (LD50) endpoints in vaccinated and unvaccinated control mice were determined by the modified Habel technique15 and calculated by the Reed and Müench method29. The degree of protection (protection index) in mice challenged by the IC route was determined by subtracting the logarithm of the LD50 endpoint in vaccinated mice from that of the control mice. A difference of 3 or log 1000 indicated vaccine protection.

RESULTS
Susceptibility: The field isolates BR-C, BR-EF1, BR-NL1, BR-AL3, BR-MM1, and BR-DR1 were fully pathogenic when inoculated
Table 1
Field isolates of rabies virus used in pathogenicity and vaccine protection tests, according to the original host, year of isolation and GenBank accession numbers
Isolates
Original host
Year of
isolation
Accession
numbers*
BR-C
Dog
1992
-
BR-EF1
Bat (Eptesicus furinalis)
1998
AB201811
BR-NL1
Bat (Nyctinomops
laticaudatus)
1998
AB201806
BR-AL3
Bat (Artibeus lituratus)
1998
AB117971
BR-MM1
Bat (Molossus molossus)
1999
AB201815
BR-DR1
Bat (Desmodus rotundus)
2000
AB201803
* Sequences retrieved from GenBank.

in mice by the IC route, all leading to 100% mortality. However, when injected intramuscularly with a dose 0.1 mL of 500MICLD50/0.03mL, the pathogenicity observed among the viruses showed different mortality rates: 60.0% for the D. rotundus isolate; 50.0% for dog and Nyctinomops laticaudatus isolates; 40.0% for A. lituratus isolate; 9.5% Molossus molossus isolate; and 5.2% for the Eptesicus furinalis isolate.
Mouse protection studies: The protective indices of vaccinated mice challenged by IC route with the isolates were summarized in Table 2. Mice receiving two shots of vaccine and challenged intracerebrally were protected against all the isolates, and mice receiving only one shot were partially protected against the dog isolate (BR-C).

DISCUSSION
Bats living in rural and urban areas are a complex problem with economic, public health and ecological implications. Rabies virus infected bats found in these environments pose a risk to both humans and domestic animals. In fact, in Brazil, there are reports of vampire bats feeding on the domestic dogs from an urban area of Olinda-Pernambuco8 and Rio de Janeiro10,11. SCHAEFER et al.32 (2002) described, in south of Brazil, a cat rabies isolate found in an area free of urban rabies since 1990 and related that rabies virus could be associated to a bat-related virus. The number of rabid bats detected, mainly in non-hematophagous species, increases each year, due to the increased diagnoses of rabies in bats from the heavy urbanized areas, reflecting the more active surveillance on rabies in non-hematophagous bats. A study describing the detection of bat rabies in the north-northwestern regions of the State of Sao Paulo-Brazil showed that in 7.9% of the cases, bats had contact with humans or domestic animals and in 17.4%, attacked humans and animals7. Thus, genetic and biological studies of these isolates would contribute to a better understanding of the bat rabies epidemiology, as well as indicate new ways to prevent the disease in man and animals. With the objective to elucidate some of these questions, the present study analyzed the pathogenicity of the rabies virus isolates obtained from a vampire, frugivorous, insectivorous bats and from a dog, using the mice model. The efficacy of a commercially available inactivated rabies vaccine was assessed using these isolates as a challenge virus.
Previous studies suggested that phylogroup II lyssaviruses were not pathogenic when inoculated peripherally. These assertions suggested that such viruses are generally less pathogenic, and imply that they have limited public health and veterinary significance2. In this work we have evaluated the susceptibility of mice to various isolates for hematophagous, frugivorous and insectivorous bats in comparison to a virus isolate from a dog. We showed that all isolates of rabies virus used in this experiment were pathogenic by the IC route in mice. However, when 500MICLD50 were inoculated through the IM route, the isolates were found with different degrees of pathogenicity. When inoculated by the IM route the bat rabies isolates BR-DR1, BR-NL1 and BR-AL3 demonstrated almost the same pathogenicity of the dog (BR-C) isolate. On the other hand, rabies virus isolates from the insectivorous bat E. furinalis (BR-EF1) and M. molossus (BR-MM1) were less pathogenic. MORIMOTO et al.28 (1996) compared the biological properties of rabies virus isolates of the silver-haired bat (SHBRV) to those of the coyote isolates (COSRV) and found that SHBRV is less neurovirulent than COSRV, when administered by the IM route, whereas both viruses were equally neuroinvasive when injected intracranially. BADRANE et al.2 (2001) investigated the biological significance of the phylogrouping in relation to the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of the lyssaviruses and found that when inoculated in adult mice, genotype 1 and 6 viruses (phylogroup I) were pathogenic by both the IC and IM routes and genotype 2 and 3 viruses (phylogrup II) were only pathogenic by IC route. Lagos bat virus (LBV) was reported to have markedly reduced levels of peripheral pathogenicity2. MARKOTTER et al.25 (2009) suggest that this affirmative was based on a study of one isolate of LBV and demonstrated that peripheral pathogenicity of representatives of LBV in a murine model is as high as that of the rabies virus. In the same way, in this study regarding the observed decreased virulence, the fact must be analyzed carefully, since only one isolate of BR-EF1 and BR-MM1 was studied. Thus, we suggest that future studies should be accomplished, including rabies virus isolates isolated from different species of bats to provide a better resolution.
In the present study we verified the protection in mice conferred by an inactivated veterinary vaccine and challenged with field rabies virus isolates. Some failures of protection in mice, following experimental immunizations have been reported13,23,36. In this work we verified that the vaccine protected mice against the IC challenge, with isolates from bats and a dog. Mice receiving a single dose of the same vaccine were

Table 2
Protection of mice vaccinated with a commercial inactivated PV-rabies vaccine and challenged by the IC route with field isolates rabies virus
Challenge virus
ICLD50
log 10
Control
ICLD50
log 10
Vaccinated 2 doses
ICLD50
log 10
Vaccinated 1 dose
Protection index (PI)a
log 10
2 doses
1 dose
BR-C
5.9
1.0
4.3
4.9
1.6
BR-EF1
5.5

1.4
5.5
4.1
BR-NL1 <1.0
5.2

1.0
5.2
4.2
BR-AL3 <1.0
4.8
1.0
1.8
3.8
3.0
BR-MM1
4.7

1.0
4.7
3.7
BR-DR1 <1.0
5.3

2.0
5.3
3.3
a) The degree of protection (protection index), in mice challenged by IC route was determined by subtracting the logarithm of the LD50 endpoint in vaccinated mice from that of the control mice. found to be only partially protected against the challenge with a dog isolate. Other studies showed that animal vaccines protected mice against challenges with Duvenhage and Lagos bat viruses and isolates derived from various species of bats13. DIETZSCHOLD & HOOPER9 (1998) reported that commercial vaccines licensed for use in humans protected mice against silver-haired bat rabies virus. However, immunization with P-G gene of rabies virus did not protect against viruses from genotypes 3 and 22. LAFON et al.23 (1988), however, showed that inactivated vaccine prepared with PV strain protected the mice challenged with a German bat isolate (Duvenhage), but PM or LEP vaccines did not protect mice against the virus infection. The potency of an inactivated animal rabies vaccine for domestic animals by using two types of potency tests; namely the traditional NIH and the CDC test (mice vaccinated once and challenged by the IM route) indicated that protection was highest against raccoon and bat viruses when compared with protection conferred against isolates of skunk, coyote and fox3. HANLON et al.16 (2005) showed reduced protection with vaccination with conventional rabies vaccine against four new rabies viruses from bats in Eurasia. Studies performed with field isolates in Brazil showed differences in the degree of protection provided by immunization with PV vaccine and challenged with bovine rabies virus isolates (vampire bat virus lineage)36. Although belonging to genotype 1, these isolates turned out to be the most divergent among American and Brazilian rabies viruses studied by genetic characterization36. Nevertheless, data related to vaccine cross-protection have not been reported for rabies virus isolated from bats in Brazil. The results of this work suggest that PV vaccine protects mice from infection with vampire, frugivorous and insectivorous bat rabies viruses in addition to a canine rabies virus. Studies on the cross-protection to rabies virus in mice, conferred by a rabies vaccine are controversial and perhaps they do not represent what really takes place in nature with the species involved. The results often depend on the type of vaccine used as well as on the number of isolates tested. <1.0
At present, little is known about the epidemiology of the rabies virus in bats in Brazil and the country's surveillance systems need to Assess the potential impact and the Implications in public health and veterinary public health in. ABSTRACT


Pathogenicity of different isolates of rabies virus and protection tests in mice vaccinated
The study assessed and compared the pathogenic properties of five strains of rabies virus from bats and rabies virus isolated from dogs and examined the effectiveness a commercial vaccine against these isolates in mice. To study the pathogenicity of mice were inoculated intramuscularly with 0.1 mL containing 500MICLD50 / 0.03 mL of virus samples. When inoculated in the IC, the strains of rabies virus caused the deaths of 100% of mice. However, 500MICLD50 / 0.03 mL of the same samples, inoculated intramuscularly, resulted in mortality: 60.0% when the sample was of Desmodus rotundus, 50.0% of dog and Nyctinomops laticaudatus, 40.0% of Artibeus lituratus, 9.5% of Molossus molossus, and 5.2% of Eptesicus furinalis. Mice given two doses of vaccine were protected when challenged by the ic route, with all samples tested. When the mice received a dose of that vaccine, there was partial protection of those challenged with the sample of dog. All strains of rabies virus were tested pathogenic for mice inoculated by the IC. However, intramuscularly, the same isolates showed different degrees of pathogenicity. It was also concluded that the commercial vaccine against rabies protected the mice challenged with virus samples isolated from bats and dogs.


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Received: 23 November 2009
Accepted: 28 July 2010